Name	Shenzhen
Official name	深圳市
Native name
Settlement type	Sub-provincial city
Pushpin map	Guangdong
Pushpin label position
Pushpin map caption	Location in Guangdong
Pushpin map1	China
Pushpin label position1
Pushpin map caption1	Location in China
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision name	People's Republic of China
Subdivision type1	Province
Subdivision name1	Guangdong
Subdivision type2	County-level divisions
Subdivision name2	6
Established title	SEZ formed
Established date	1 May 1980
Established title2
Established title3
Government type	Sub-provincial city
Unit pref
Area total km2	2050
Area land km2
Area urban km2	412
Population as of	2010
Population total	10357938
Population density km2	auto
Population urban	3538275
Population density urban km2	auto
Population blank1 title	Major nationalities
Population blank1	Han
Population demonym	Shenzhener
Timezone	China Standard Time
Utc offset	+8
Elevation footnotes
Elevation m	12
Elevation ft	40
Area code	755
Blank name	GDP
Blank info	2010
Blank1 name	- Total
Blank1 info	CNY 951 billionUS$ 146 billion
Blank2 name	- per capita
Blank2 info	CNY 95,000USD 14,615
Blank3 name	- Growth
Blank3 info	10.7%
Blank4 name	Licence plate prefixes
Blank4 info	粤B
Website	sz.gov.cn
Footnotes	}}

Shenzhen () is a major city in the south of Southern China's Guangdong Province, situated immediately north of Hong Kong. The area became China's first—and arguably one of the most successful—Special Economic Zones. It currently also holds sub-provincial administrative status, with powers slightly less than a province.

Shenzhen's novel and modern cityscape is the result of the vibrant economy made possible by rapid foreign investment since the institution of the policy of "reform and opening" establishment of the Special Economic Zone in the late 1970s. Before this, Shenzhen was a small village. Since the late seventies, both Chinese and foreign nationals have invested enormous sums in the economy of Shenzhen. More than US$30 billion in foreign investment has gone into both fully foreign owned and joint ventures, initially mainly in manufacturing but recently increasingly in service industries. Shenzhen is now reputedly one of the fastest growing cities in the world. Being southern mainland China's major financial centre, Shenzhen is home to the Shenzhen Stock Exchange as well as the headquarters of numerous high-tech companies. Shenzhen is also the third busiest container port in China, ranking only after Shanghai and Hong Kong.

History

Human habitation in Shenzhen dates back to ancient times. The earliest archaeological remains so far unearthed are 7000 year old shards from a site at Xiantouling on Mirs Bay. This was described as one of China’s six greatest archaeological discoveries of 2006. From the Han Dynasty (third century BC) onwards, the area around Shenzhen was a centre of the salt monopoly, thus meriting special Imperial protection. Salt pans are still visible around the Pearl River area to the west of the city and are commemorated in the name of the Yantian container terminal (盐田）（Yantian meaning “salt fields”).

The settlement at Nantou was the political centre of the area from early antiquity. In the year 331 AD, six counties covering most of modern south-eastern Guangdong were merged into one province or “jun” named Dongguan Jun with its centre at Nantou. As well as being a centre of the politically and fiscally critical salt trade, the area had strategic importance as a stopping off point for international trade. The main shipping route to India, Arabia and the Byzantine Empire started at Canton. As early as the eighth century, chronicles record the Nantou area as being a major commercial centre, and reported that all foreign ships in the Canton trade would stop there. It was also as a naval defence centre guarding the southern approaches to the Pearl River.

Shenzhen was also involved in the events surrounding the end of the Southern Song Dynasty (1276–79). The Imperial court, fleeing Khubilai Khan's forces, established itself in the Shenzhen area and the last Emperor died strapped to the back of his chief Minister who preferred suicide to the possibility of the Emperor being captured and bringing shame to the dynasty. In the late 19th century the Chiu or Zhao (Zhao was the Song Imperial surname)clan in Hong Kong identified the Chiwan area as the final resting place of the Emperor and built a tomb to him. The tomb, since restored, is still in Chiwan.

Earliest known ancient records that carried the name of Shenzhen date from 1410 during the Ming Dynasty. Local people called the drains in paddy fields “zhen” (圳). Shenzhen (深圳) literally means “deep drains” as the area was once crisscrossed with rivers and streams, with deep drains within the paddy fields. The character 圳 is limited in distribution to an area of South China with its most northerly examples in Zhejiang Province which suggests an association with southwards migration during the Southern Song Dynasty (12th and 13th centuries). The County town at Xin'an in modern Nanshan dates from the Ming Dynasty where it was a major naval centre at the mouth of the Pearl River. In this capacity it was heavily involved in 1521 in the successful Chinese action against the Portuguese Fleet under Fernão Peres d’Andrade。 This battle is usually called the Battle of Tuen Mun but it was fought in the straits between Shekou and Lintin Island.

The Ming Dynasty gate and walls at Xin'an city remain extremely well preserved.

Shenzhen was singled out to be the first of the five Special Economic Zones (SEZ). It was formally established in 1979 due to its proximity to Hong Kong. The SEZ was created to be an experimental ground for the practice of market capitalism within a community guided by the ideals of "socialism with Chinese characteristics".

The location was chosen to attract industrial investments from Hong Kong since the two places are near each other and share the same culture. The concept proved successful, propelling the further opening up of China and continuous economic reform. Shenzhen eventually became one of the largest cities in the Pearl River Delta region, which has become one of the economic powerhouses of China as well as the largest manufacturing base in the world.

In November 1979, Shenzhen, then known as Bao'an County (宝安县), was promoted to prefecture level, directly governed by Guangdong province. In May 1980, Shenzhen was formally nominated as a "special economic zone", the first one of its kind in China. It was given the right of provincial-level economic administration in November 1988.

For five months in 1996, Shenzhen was home to the Provisional Legislative Council and Provisional Executive Council of Hong Kong.

Geography

Shenzhen is located in the Pearl River Delta, bordering Hong Kong to the south, Huizhou to the north and northeast and Dongguan to the north and northwest. The municipality covers an area of including urban and rural areas, with a total population of 14 million in 2008.

The city was originally a hilly area, with fertile agrarian land. However, after becoming a special economic zone in 1979, Shenzhen underwent tremendous change in landscape. The once hilly fishing village is now replaced by mostly flat ground in downtown area, with only Lianhua Shan (Lotus Hill), Bijia Shan (Bijia Mountain) and Wutong Shan the only three places that have some kind of elevation viewed from satellites. With the influx of migrants from inland China, Shenzhen is experiencing a second stage boom, and it is now expanding peripherally and the hills in surrounding areas such as Mission Hills are now being toppled over to make land for more development.

Shenzhen is located on the border with the Hong Kong SAR across the Sham Chun River and Sha Tau Kok River, 100 km southeast of the provincial capital of Guangzhou, and 60 km south of the industrial city of Dongguan. To the southwest, the resort city of Zhuhai is 60 km away.

Climate

Shenzhen is situated in the subtropical part of China, located at about the Tropic of Cancer, yet due to the Siberian anticyclone, has a warm, monsoon-influenced, humid subtropical climate (Köppen ''Cwa''). Winters are mild and relatively dry, due in part to the influence of the South China Sea, and frost is very rare. Spring begins somewhat dry, but rainfall begins to dramatically increase in April, and the rainy season lasts until early to mid October. The monsoon reaches its peak intensity in the summer months, when the city also experiences very humid, and hot, but moderated, conditions. The region is prone to torrential rain as well, with 10 days that have or more of rain. The latter portion of fall is dry. The annual precipitation averages at over , some of which is delivered in typhoons that strike from the east during summer and early fall.

Administrative divisions

Shenzhen is a sub-provincial city. It has direct jurisdiction over eight districts (区 ''qu''):

Map	! #	! Name	! Hanzi	! Hanyu Pinyin	! Population(2010 census)	! Area (km²)	! Density(/km²)
rowspan="13" style="text-align:center;"
		3,538,275		412		8,588
1	Futian District	福田区	Fútián Qū	1,318,055	79	16,756
2	Luohu District	罗湖区	Luóhú Qū	923,423	79	11,726
3		南山区	Nánshān Qū	1,087,936	182	5,877
6	Yantian District	盐田区	Yántián Qū	208,861	72	2,798
		6,029,032		1,253		4,812
4	Bao'an District	宝安区	Bǎo'ān Qū	4,017,807	577	7,059
5		龙岗区	Lónggǎng Qū	2,011,225	676	2,945
		790,631		324		2,440
7	Guangming New Area	光明新区	Guāngmíng Xīn Qū	481,420	156	3,097
8	Pingshan New Area	坪山新区	Píngshān Xīn Qū	309,211	168	1,852
		10,357,938		1,989		5,201

The Special Economic Zone (SEZ) comprised only Luohu, Futian, Nanshan, and Yantian districts until 1 July 2010, when the SEZ was expanded to include all districts, a fivefold increase over its pre-expansion size.

Adjacent to Hong Kong, Luohu is the financial and trading centre of Shenzhen. Futian, at the heart of the SEZ, is the seat of the Municipal Government. West of Futian, Nanshan is the centre for high-tech industries. Formerly outside the SEZ, Bao'an and Longgang are located to the north-west and north-east, respectively, of central Shenzhen. Yantian is the location of Yantian Port, the second busiest container terminal in mainland China and the fourth busiest in the world.

Demographics

Shenzhen has seen its population and activity develop rapidly since the establishment of the SEZ. However, many people think there are far more residents, mostly because they are commuters from Dongguan. One problem accompanying the rampant population growth is that of people without ''hukou'', or residency permits (with 70% of that number being residents without a permanent ''hukou''); most "old" Shenzhen locals felt that the practice of opening the city to inland residents is making it less competitive with other Chinese cities. In reality most of the non "hukou" population are long residents with permission to stay. The question of hukou became largely irrelevant with the institution of a simple residence permit.

There had been migration into southern Guangdong and what is now Shenzhen since the Southern Song Dynasty (1127–1279) but the numbers increased dramatically since Shenzhen was established in the 1980s. In Guangdong, it is the only city where Mandarin is mostly spoken, with migrants from all over China. At present, the average age in Shenzhen is less than 30. Among the total, 8.49 percent are between the age of 0 and 14, 88.41 percent between the age of 15 and 59, one-fifth between 20 and 24 and 1.22 percent are aged 65 or above.

The population structure polarizes into two opposing extremes: intellectuals with a high level of education, and migrant workers with poor education. It was reported in June 2007 that over 20 percent of China's PhD's worked in Shenzhen.

According to the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce, in 2002, 7,200 Hong Kong residents commuted daily to Shenzhen for work, and 2,200 students from Shenzhen commuted to school in Hong Kong. Though neighbouring each other, daily commuters still need to pass through customs and immigration checkpoints, as travel between the SEZ and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) is restricted.

In late July 2003, China relaxed travel restrictions to allow individuals from the southern cities of Guangzhou and Shenzhen, as well as Beijing and Shanghai, to visit Hong Kong. Previously, mainland travelers could only visit the city as part of tour groups. (See Individual Visit Scheme.)

Immigration into Shenzhen from the Chinese interior was previously restricted by the ''hukou'' system. One consequence is that just outside of Shenzhen, there exist large towns consisting of now settled migrants who had previously attempted to enter the city.

Economy

In 2001, the working population reached 3.3 million. Though the secondary sector of industry had the largest share (1.85 million in 2001, increased by 5.5%), the tertiary sector of industry is growing fast (1.44 million in 2001, increased by 11.6%). Shenzhen's GDP totaled CNY 820.1 billion in 2009, up by 10.7 percent over the previous year, with a GDP per capita of US$13,581 as of 2009. Its economy grew by 16.3 percent yearly from 2001 to 2005 on average. The proportion of the three industries to the aggregate of GDP was 0.1:46.7:53.2 in 2009. The proportion of the primary industry to GDP was down by 13.4%, and the tertiary industry was up by 12.5%. Shenzhen is in the top ranks among mainland Chinese cities in terms of comprehensive economic power. It ranked fourth in GDP among mainland Chinese cities in 2001, while it ranked the top in GDP per capita during the same period. Its import and export volumes have been first for the last nine consecutive years. It is the second in terms of industrial output. For five consecutive years, its internal revenue within local budget ranks third. It also ranks third in the use of foreign capital.

Shenzhen is a major manufacturing centre in China. In the 1990s, Shenzhen was described as constructing "one highrise a day and one boulevard every three days". The Shenzhen skyline has 13 buildings at over 200 metres tall, including the Shun Hing Square (the 8th tallest building in the world).

Shenzhen is home to some of China's most successful quality brand high-tech companies, such as BYD, Dingoo, G'Five, Hasee, Huawei, JXD, Konka, Netac, Skyworth, Tencent and ZTE. BYD, Hasee and Huawei are headquartered in the Longgang District. TCL Corporation, best known as China's number one TV brand, has a presence in the city. Taiwan's largest company Hon Hai Group has a manufacturing plant based in Shenzhen. Many foreign high-tech companies have their operations in the Science and Technology park in Nanshan District or outside the core districts where labor and land are much cheaper. CSG Holding is the largest architectural glass manufacturer in China. Vanke is the largest residential real estate developer in China. In the financial sector, Shenzhen Development Bank, China Merchants Bank and Shenzhen City Commercial Bank are some of the largest banks in China, with headquarters in Shenzhen. Ping An Insurance, Ikea and Wal-Mart are also based in the city.

Shenzhen Convention & Exhibition Center is a super large public construction with multi-functions of hosting business activities, celebrations, conferences, conventions, entertainment events, exhibitions, restaurants and all kinds of shows.

In 2010, the GDP reached a record high of 951 billion yuan, an increase of 10.7% over 2009. Shenzhen's economic output is ranked fourth among the 659 Chinese cities (behind Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou), and it is comparable to that of a medium sized province in China. In 2010, Shenzhen's GDP per capita was 95,000 yuan (US$14,615), making it one of the richest of all Chinese cities.

On 1 July 2010 the Shenzhen special economic zone was expanded from to and border controls with the rest of China relaxed.

Industrial zones

Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Park (SHIP) was founded in September 1996. It covers an area of 11.5 km². Industries encouraged in the zone include Biotechnology/Pharmaceuticals, Building/Construction Materials, Chemicals Production and Processing, Computer Software, Electronics Assembly & Manufacturing, Instruments & Industrial Equipment Production, Medical Equipment and Supplies, Research and Development, Telecommunications Equipment.

Shenzhen Software Park is integrated with Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industry Park, an important vehicle established by Shenzhen Municipal Government to support the development of software industry. The Park was approved to be the base of software production of the National Plan in 2001. The distance between the 010 National Highway and the zone is 20.8 km. The zone is situated 22 km from the Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport.

Shenzhen Stock Exchange

The Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE) is a mutualized national stock exchange under the China Securities Regulatory Commission (the CSRC) that provides a venue for securities trading. A broad spectrum of market participants, including 540 listed companies, 35 million registered investors and 177 exchange members, create the market. Since its creation in 1990, the SZSE has grown with a market capitalization around 1 trillion yuan (US$122 billion). On a daily basis, around 600,000 deals, valued at US$807 million, trade on the SZSE.

Cityscape

Shenzhen is home to the world's 14th tallest building, the Shun Hing Square (Diwang Building). The city has 23 buildings over 200 metres, mostly concentrated in Luohu and Futian districts. The second tallest building in Shenzhen is SEG Plaza at a height of 356 meters (292 meters to roof-top), located in the popular electronics district of Hua Qiang Bei.

Shenzhen has some of the largest public projects in China. The International Trade Center (国贸), built in 1985, was the tallest building in China when built, and the Shun Hing building was also the tallest in Asia when it was built (still the tallest steel building in the world).

Shenzhen is also the site for many tall building projects. Some of the supertalls that have been either proposed or approved are well over 400 meters. The current tallest building under construction is the 439 metre tall Kingkey 100, which will be finished in 2011. Other proposed buildings would surpass the Kingkey 100's height by 2015.

For example, the 646 metre tall Pingan International Finance Centre will be the tallest in China and second tallest building in the world upon completion in 2014, after the Burj Khalifa. See list of tallest buildings in Shenzhen.

Gallery

Integration with Hong Kong

Hong Kong and Shenzhen have very close business, trade and social links as demonstrated by the statistics presented below. Except where noted the statistics are taken from sections of the Hong Kong Government (HKG) website.

As of December 2007, there are six land crossing points on the boundary between Shenzhen and Hong Kong. From west to east these are Shenzhen Bay Port road crossing (opened 1 July 2007); Fu Tian Kou An to Lok Ma Chau rail connection linking Shenzhen Metro Line 4 to the MTR's East Rail Line Lok Ma Chau Spur Line (opened 15 August 2007); Huanggang to Lok Ma Chau road connection; Futian to Man Kam To road connection; Luohu to Lo Wu rail connection linking the MTR East Rail Line to Shenzhen Metro Line 1, Shenzhen Rail Station and Luohu in general; and the Shatoujiao to Sha Tau Kok road connection. Both of the rail connections require the passengers to cross the Shenzhen River on foot as there is no direct rail connection between the two cities, although the Hong Kong intercity trains to other mainland cities pass through Shenzhen without stopping.

In 2006, there were around 20,500 daily vehicular crossings of the boundary in each direction. Of these 65 percent were cargo vehicles, 27 percent cars and the remainder buses and coaches. The Huanggang crossing was most heavily used at 76 percent of the total, followed by the Futian crossing at 18 percent and Shatoujiao at 6 percent. Of the cargo vehicles, 12,000 per day were container carrying and, using a rate of 1.44 teus/vehicle, this results in 17,000 teus/day across the boundary, while Hong Kong port handled 23,000 teus/day during 2006, excluding transshipment trade.

Trade with Hong Kong in 2006 consisted of US$333 billion of imports of which US$298 billion were re-exported. Of these figures 94 percent were associated with China. Considering that 34.5 percent of the value of Hong Kong trade is air freight (only 1.3 percent by weight), a large proportion of this is associated with China as well.

Also in 2006 the average daily passenger flow through the four connections open at that time was over 200,000 in each direction of which 63 percent used the Luohu rail connection and 33 percent the Huanggang road connection. Naturally, such high volumes require special handling, and the largest group of people crossing the boundary, Hong Kong residents with Chinese citizenship, use only a biometric ID card (Home Return Permit) and a thumb print reader. As a point of comparison, Hong Kong’s Chek Lap Kok Airport, the 5th busiest international airport in the world, handled 59,000 passengers per day in each direction.

Hong Kong conducts regular surveys of cross-boundary passenger movements, with the most recent being in 2003, although the 2007 survey will be reported on soon. In 2003 the boundary crossings for Hong Kong Residents living in Hong Kong made 78 percent of the trips, up by 33 percent from 1999, whereas Hong Kong and Chinese residents of China made up 20 percent in 2006, an increase of 140 percent above the 1999 figure. Since that time movement has been made much easier for China residents, and so that group have probably increased further yet. Other nationalities made up 2 percent of boundary crossings. Of these trips 67 percent were associated with Shenzhen and 42 percent were for business or work purposes. Of the non-business trips about one third were to visit friends and relatives and the remainder for leisure.

Apart from the business and family trips, many visitors come from Hong Kong to Shenzhen for the shopping, where goods and services are assumed cheaper than those in Hong Kong. However, without coming prepared knowing the prices of specific items the goods may end up being far more expensive than in Hong Kong while others are only marginally cheaper, even after a long phase of negotiating.

Future integration plans

In Section 114(1) of the policy address on 10 October 2007, Donald Tsang, Hong Kong Chief Executive, stated:

Jointly developing a world-class metropolis with Shenzhen: In my Election Platform, I have put forward the vision of developing the Hong Kong-Shenzhen metropolis and undertaken to strengthen our co-operation. My proposals met with positive responses from the Shenzhen authorities. We share a common goal and have had some preliminary exchange of views. Currently, we are discussing airport collaboration and the development of the Lok Ma Chau Loop.

On 21 November 2007, the Shenzhen Government officially endorsed this policy and included it in the Shenzhen planning blueprint for the period up to 2020. It was announced that Shenzhen mayor, Xu Zongheng, would visit Hong Kong in December 2007 to sign a metropolis agreement with the SAR government.

The plans were originally detailed by the Hong Kong non-governmental think tank, Bauhinia Research Foundation in August 2007, and covered such matters as financial services, hi-tech and high-end research and development, transport, environmental matters and ecology. It was claimed that Shenzhen-Hong Kong could be the third largest metropolis in the world in GDP terms by 2020, only behind New York City and Tokyo. The plan was also endorsed by the China Development Institute, a Shenzhen-based non-government think tank.

Port

Situated in the Pearl River Delta in China’s Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Port is adjacent to Hong Kong. The city’s 260 km coastline is divided by the Kowloon Peninsula into two halves, the eastern and the western. Shenzhen’s western port area lies to the east of Lingdingyang in the Pearl River Estuary and possesses a deep water harbour with superb natural shelters. It is about from Hong Kong to the south and from Guangzhou to the north. By passing Pearl River system, the western port area is connected with the cities and counties in Pearl River Delta networks; by passing On See Dun waterway, it extends all ports both at home and abroad. The eastern port area lies north of Dapeng Bay where the harbour is wide and calm and is regarded as the best natural harbour in South China.

Shenzhen handled a record number of containers in 2005, ranking as the world's fourth-busiest port, after rising trade increased cargo shipments through the southern Chinese city. China International Marine Containers, and other operators of the port handled 16.2 million standard boxes last year, a 19 per cent increase. Investors in Shenzhen are expanding to take advantage of rising volume.

Yantian International Container Terminals, Chiwan Container terminals, Shekou Container Terminals, China Merchants Port and Shenzhen Haixing (Mawan port) are the major port terminals in Shenzhen.

Transport

Air

Shenzhen Airlines and Jade Cargo International are located at Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport. The airport is 35 kilometers from central Shenzhen and connects the city with many other parts of China, and serves domestic and international destinations. Flight rates are cheap from Shenzhen.

Train

Shenzhen Railway Station is located at the junction of Jianshe Lu, Heping Lu and Renmin Nan Lu and provides links to different parts of China. There are frequent high speed trains to Guangzhou, plus long-distance trains to Beijing, Shanghai, Changsha, Jiujiang, Maoming, Shantou and other destinations. The train from Hong Kong's Hung Hom MTR station to the Lo Wu and Lok Ma Chau border crossings take 43 minutes and 45 minutes respectively.

There is another railway station located in Nanshan District, Shenzhen Xi, which is used for a small number of long distance trains, such as the one to Hefei.

The Shenzhen Metro system opened on 27 December 2004. It has two original lines, one from Luohu (Lo Wu & Shenzhen railway stations) to Shenzhen University, and the other from Futian Kouan (Futian border crossing) to Shaonian Gong (Children's Palace). Several new lines are under construction. The third line which will eventually terminate in Shekou, started service at the end of 2010.

Sea

Shenzhen is also connected by fast ferries linking Shekou, on the west edge of the SEZ with Zhuhai, Macau, Hong Kong International Airport, Kowloon, and Hong Kong Island.

Shenzhen has shorelines in its southwest and southeast and the city is home to some of the most popular and best beaches in China. Beaches like Dameisha and Xiaomeisha are often crowded with locals and tourists. One of the best beaches of China, the Xichong beach, is just one hour drive from downtown Shenzhen, and it still retains its age old natural beauties.

Road

Since February 2003, the road border crossing at Huanggang and Lok Ma Chau in Hong Kong has been open 24 hours a day. The journey can be made by private vehicle or by bus. On 15 August 2007, the Lok Ma Chau-Huanggang pedestrian border crossing opened, linking Lok Ma Chau Station with Huanggang. With the opening of the crossing, shuttle buses between Lok Ma Chau transport interchange and Huanggang were terminated.

Taxis are metered and come in three colors. Red taxis may travel anywhere; green ones are restricted to outside the SEZ, and yellow ones are restricted to inside the SEZ.

There are also frequent bus and van services from Hong Kong International Airport to Huanggang and most major hotels in Shenzhen. A bus service operated by Chinalink Bus Company operates from Kowloon Station on the Airport Express MTR line (below Elements Mall) direct to the Shenzhen International airport.

Tourist attractions

Shenzhen's major tourist attractions include the Chinese Folk Culture Village, the Window of the World, Happy Valley, Splendid China, the Safari Park in Nanshan district, the Dameisha Promenade, Xiaomeisha Beach Resort in Yantian district, Zhongying Jie/Chung Ying Street, Xianhu Lake Botanical Garden, and Minsk World. The city also offers free admission to a number of public parks including the Lianhuashan Park, Lizhi Park, Zhongshan Park and Wutongshan Park.

There are over twenty public city parks in Shenzhen; including Bijiashan Park, Caitian Park, Cuizhu Park, Donghu Park, Ertong Park, Haibin Shengtai Park (aka: Hongshulin Park) Honghu Park, Huanggang Park, Lianhuashan Park, Lilin Park, Lixiang Park, Lizhi (Futian District) Park, Lizhi (Nanshan District), Luohu Wenhua Park, Meilin Park, Nanshan Park (aka: Da Nanshan), Renmin Park, Shigushan Park, Sihai Park, Songpingshan Park, Zhongxin Park (aka: Central Park), and Zhongshan Park.

Some tourists, however, choose to stay in a largely expatriate and exotic residential community called Shekou, home to a large French cruise liner cemented into the ground called Sea World. Shekou was expanded and renovated in recent years, including claiming additional land from the sea.

Shenzhen's central music hall and library are located in the Shenzhen Cultural Center.

In recent years, the East Coast (shoreline) of Shenzhen has attracted more and more tourists, including backpackers. One of the most famous beaches is Xichong in the south of Dapeng Peninsula.

Culture

Media

Shenzhen is served by a variety of daily newspapers, including the ''Shenzhen Daily'', the ''Shenzhen Standard'', and the ''Shenzhen Post''.

Sports

Shenzhen Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium that hosts many events. The 26th Summer Universiade will be held in Shenzhen on 12 August 2011. Currently the city of Shenzhen is constructing the sports venues for this first major sporting event in the city.

Education

Colleges and universities

Shenzhen University

Shenzhen Polytechnic

Shenzhen Radio and TV University

Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology

Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University

Shenzhen Graduate School of Tsinghua University

Shenzhen Graduate School of Harbin Institute of Technology

South University of Science and Technology

High schools

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities

Shenzhen is twinned with: Houston, United States, March 1986 Brescia, Italy, November 1991 Brisbane, Australia, June 1992 Poznań, Poland, July 1993 Vienne, France, October 1994 Kingston, Jamaica, March 1995 Lomé, Togo, June 1996 Nuremberg, Germany, May 1997 Walloon Brabant, Belgium, October 2003 Tsukuba, Japan, June 2004 Gwangyang, South Korea, October 2004 Johor Bahru, Malaysia, July 2006 Perm, Russia, 2006 Turin, Italy, January 2007 Timişoara, Romania, February 2007 Rotherham, England, United Kingdom, November 2007 Reno, Nevada, United States, 30 April 2008 Montevideo, Uruguay February 2009

See also

Economy of the People's Republic of China

Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China

Special Economic Zone

References

External links

Shenzhen Government Online

WikiSatellite view of Shenzhen at Wikimapia

Lat. and Long.

}} }}

Category:Sister cities of Kota Kinabalu

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:''Not to be confused with Shenzhen Investment, another company listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.''

company name	Shenzhen International Holdings Limited 深圳国际控股有限公司
company logo
company type	State-owned enterprise (Red chip)
foundation	2000
location city	Hong Kong
location country	People's Republic of China
key people	Chairman: Mr. Guo Yuan
area served	People's Republic of China
industry	Logistics
parent	Shenzhen Investment Holding Corporation
homepage	Shenzhen International Holdings Limited }}

Shenzhen International Holdings Limited () is engaged in the investment, construction and operation of logistics infrastructure facilities, third party logistics services and logistics information services. It is held by Shenzhen Investment Holding Corporation, an investment holding institution owned by Shenzhen Government and Cheung Kong Holdings.

External links

Shenzhen International Holdings Limited

Category:Government-owned companies in the People's Republic of China Category:Logistics companies Category:Companies based in Shenzhen Category:Companies established in 2000

zh:深圳國際

name	Kim Novak
birth name	Marilyn Pauline Novak
birth date	February 13, 1933
birth place	Chicago, Illinois, United States
years active	1954–91
spouse	Richard Johnson (1965–66)Dr. Robert Malloy (1976–present)
residence	Eagle Point, Oregon, US }}

Kim Novak (born February 13, 1933) is an American actress. She is best known for her performance in the 1958 film ''Vertigo''. Novak retired from acting in 1991 and has since become an artist of oil paintings. She lives with her veterinarian husband on a ranch in Eagle Point, Oregon, where they raise livestock.

Early life

Kim Novak was born Marilyn Pauline Novak in Chicago, Illinois, to Joseph and Blanche (née Kral) Novak. Her father was a second-generation Czech immigrant while her mother had a Bohemian-Czech background. Her father worked as a dispatcher on the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad and both her parents had been teachers.

While attending David Glasgow Farragut High School, she won a scholarship to the Art Institute of Chicago. After leaving school, she began a career modeling teen fashions for a local department store. She later received a scholarship at a modeling academy and continued to model part-time. She worked as an elevator operator, a sales clerk and a dental assistant.

After a job touring the country as a spokesman for a refrigerator manufacturer, "Miss Deepfreeze", Novak moved to Los Angeles, where she continued to find work as a model.

Career

The 20-year-old actress began with an uncredited role in ''The French Line'' (1954). Eventually, she was seen by a Columbia Pictures talent agent and filmed a screen test. Novak was signed to a six-month contract, and the studio changed her first name to Kim. Novak debuted as Lona McLane that same year in ''Pushover'' opposite Fred MacMurray and Philip Carey, and played the femme fatale role of Janis in ''Phffft!'' opposite Judy Holliday, Jack Lemmon, and Jack Carson. Novak's reviews were good. People were eager to see the new star, and she received an enormous amount of fan mail. After playing Madge Owens in ''Picnic'' (1955) opposite William Holden, Novak won a Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer and for World Film Favorite. She was also nominated for the British BAFTA Film Award for Best Foreign Actress. That same year she played Molly in ''The Man with the Golden Arm'' with Frank Sinatra. In 1957 she worked with Sinatra again for ''Pal Joey'', which also starred Rita Hayworth, and starred in ''Jeanne Eagels'' with Jeff Chandler. She was on the cover of the July 29, 1957, issue of ''Time Magazine''. That same year, she went on strike, protesting her salary of $1,250 per week.

In 1958, Novak starred in the Alfred Hitchcock-directed classic thriller ''Vertigo'', playing the roles of a brunette shopgirl, Judy Barton, and a blonde woman named Madeleine Elster.

Today, the film is considered a masterpiece of romantic suspense, though Novak's performance has received mixed reviews. Critic David Shipman thought it "little more than competent", while David Thomson sees it as "one of the major female performances in the cinema". Hitchcock, rarely one to praise actors, dismissed Novak in a later interview. "You think you're getting a lot," he said of her ability, "but you're not." That same year, she again starred alongside Stewart in ''Bell, Book and Candle,'' a comedy tale of modern-day witchcraft that did moderately well at the box office. In 1960, she co-starred with Kirk Douglas in the critically acclaimed ''Strangers When We Meet'' also featuring Walter Matthau and Ernie Kovacs. In 1962, Novak produced her own movie, financing her own production company in association with Filmways Productions. ''Boys' Night Out'', in which she starred with James Garner and Tony Randall. It was received mildly well by critics and the public. She was paired with Lemmon for a third and final time that year in a mystery-comedy, ''The Notorious Landlady''.

In 1964 she played the vulgar waitress Mildred Rogers in a remake of W. Somerset Maugham's drama ''Of Human Bondage'' opposite Laurence Harvey, and starred as barmaid Polly, "The Pistol" in Billy Wilder's ''Kiss Me, Stupid'' with Ray Walston and Dean Martin. Both films were critically panned. After playing the title role in ''The Amorous Adventures of Moll Flanders'' (1965) with Richard Johnson, Novak took a break from Hollywood acting. She continued to act, although infrequently, taking fewer roles as she began to prefer personal activities over acting

Her comeback came in a dual role as a young actress, Elsa Brinkmann, and an early-day movie goddess who was murdered, Lylah Clare, in producer-director Robert Aldrich's ''The Legend of Lylah Clare'' (1968) with Peter Finch and Ernest Borgnine for MGM. The movie did not do well. After playing a forger, Sister Lyda Kebanov, in ''The Great Bank Robbery'' (1969) opposite Zero Mostel, Clint Walker, and Claude Akins, she stayed away from the screen for another four years. She then played the role of Auriol Pageant in the horror anthology film ''Tales That Witness Madness'' (1973), which also starred Joan Collins. She starred as veteran showgirl Gloria Joyce in the made-for-TV movie ''The Third Girl From the Left'' (1973), and played Eva in ''Satan's Triangle'' (1975). She was featured in the 1977 western ''The White Buffalo'' with Charles Bronson, and in 1979 she played Helga in ''Just a Gigolo'' co-starring David Bowie.

In 1980, Novak played Lola Brewster in the mystery/thriller ''The Mirror Crack'd'', based on the story by Agatha Christie and co-starring Angela Lansbury, Tony Curtis, Rock Hudson and Elizabeth Taylor. She and Taylor portrayed rival actresses. She made occasional television appearances over the years. She co-starred with Ben Kingsley in the 1990 film ''The Children''.

Her most recent appearance on the big screen to date came as a terminally ill writer with a mysterious past in the thriller ''Liebestraum'' (1991), opposite Kevin Anderson and Bill Pullman. However, owing to battles with the director over how to play the role, her scenes were cut. Novak later admitted in a 2004 interview that the film was a mistake. She said

"I got so burned out on that picture that I wanted to leave the business, but then if you wait long enough you think, 'Oh, I miss certain things.' The making of a movie is wonderful. What's difficult is afterward when you have to go around and try to sell it. The actual filming, when you have a good script—which isn't often—nothing beats it."

In an interview with Stephen Rebello in the July 2005 issue of ''Movieline's Hollywood Life'', Novak admitted that she had been "unprofessional" in her conduct with the film's director, Mike Figgis.

Novak has not ruled out further acting. In an interview in 2007, she said that she would consider returning to the screen "if the right thing came along."

Novak appeared for a question-and-answer session about her career on July 30, 2010, at the Egyptian Theatre in Los Angeles, where the American Cinematheque hosted a tribute to her coinciding with the August 3 DVD release of "The Kim Novak Collection."

Along with Tippi Hedren, Eva Marie Saint and Joan Fontaine, she will participate to the Motion Picture Academy Tribute to the “Hitchcock Blondes” (2011).

Honors

For her contribution to motion pictures, Novak was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 6332 Hollywood Boulevard.

In 1995, Novak was ranked 92nd by ''Empire Magazine'' on a list of the 100 sexiest stars in film history. In 1955, she won the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer-Female. In 1957, she won another Golden Globe–for World Favorite female actress. In 1997, Kim won an Honorary Golden Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival. In 2003, a Lifetime Achievement Award was presented to Novak by Eastman Kodak.

In 2005, British fashion designer Alexander McQueen named his first It bag the Novak.

Personal life

Novak has been married to veterinarian Dr. Robert Malloy (born 1940) since March 12, 1976. The couple resides on a ranch where they raise horses and llamas. Novak has two stepchildren.

Novak was previously married to English actor Richard Johnson from March 15, 1965, to April 23, 1966. The two have remained friends. Novak dated Sammy Davis, Jr. and Ramfis Trujillo, in the late 1950s and actor Michael Brandon in the 1970s. She was engaged to director Richard Quine in the early 1960s.

On July 24, 2000, her home in Eagle Point, Oregon, was partially destroyed by fire. Novak lost scripts, several paintings, and a computer containing the only draft of her unfinished autobiography. Of the loss Novak said:

"I take it personally as a sign that maybe I’m not supposed to write my biography; maybe the past is supposed to stay buried. It made me realize then what was really valuable. That’s the day I wrote a gratitude list. We’re safe and our animals are safe."

In December 2001, her home in Oregon was robbed of more than $200,000 worth of firearms and tools. Three men were arrested and charged with burglary, theft, and criminal conspiracy.

In 2006, Novak was injured in a horseback riding accident. She suffered a punctured lung, broken ribs, and nerve damage but made a full recovery within a year.

Novak is an artist who paints in watercolor and oil as well as creating sculpture, stained glass design, poetry, and photography.

In October 2010, it was reported that Novak had been diagnosed with breast cancer according to her manager, Sue Cameron. Cameron also noted that Novak is "undergoing treatment" and that "her doctors say she is in fantastic physical shape and should recover very well."

Filmography

''The French Line'' (1954) (uncredited)

''Pushover'' (1954)

''Phffft!'' (1954)

''Son of Sinbad'' (1955) (uncredited)

''5 Against the House'' (1955)

''Picnic'' (1955)

''The Man with the Golden Arm'' (1955)

''The Eddy Duchin Story'' (1956)

''Jeanne Eagels'' (1957)

''Pal Joey'' (1957)

''Vertigo'' (1958)

''Bell, Book and Candle'' (1958)

''Middle of the Night'' (1959)

''Strangers When We Meet'' (1960)

''Pepe'' (1960) (cameo)

''The Notorious Landlady'' (1962)

''Boys' Night Out'' (1962)

''Of Human Bondage'' (1964)

''Kiss Me, Stupid'' (1964)

''The Amorous Adventures of Moll Flanders'' (1965)

''The Legend of Lylah Clare'' (1968)

''The Great Bank Robbery'' (1969)

''Tales That Witness Madness'' (1973)

''Satan's Triangle'' (1975)

''The White Buffalo'' (1977)

''Just a Gigolo'' (1979)

''The Mirror Crack'd'' (1980)

''The Children'' (1990)

''Liebestraum'' (1991)

References

Further reading

External links

Photographs and literature

Category:1933 births Category:Living people Category:American painters Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:American people of Czech descent Category:Actors from Chicago, Illinois Category:Actors from Illinois Category:People with cancer Category:People from Eagle Point, Oregon Category:People from Jackson County, Oregon

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